Joseph Priestley

Jovan Stosic January 21, 2022

Joseph Priestley FRS (/ˈpriːstli/; 24 March 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an English chemist, natural philosopher, separatist theologian, grammarian, multi-subject educator, and liberal political theorist who published over 150 works. He has historically been credited with the independent discovery of oxygen in 1774 by the thermal decomposition of mercuric oxide, having isolated it. Although Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele also has strong claims to the discovery, Priestley published his findings first. Scheele discovered it by heating potassium nitrate, mercuric oxide, and many other substances about 1772.

During his lifetime, Priestley’s considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of carbonated water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several “airs” (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed “dephlogisticated air” (oxygen). Priestley’s determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community.

Priestley’s science was integral to his theology, and he consistently tried to fuse Enlightenment rationalism with Christian theism. In his metaphysical texts, Priestley attempted to combine theism, materialism, and determinism, a project that has been called “audacious and original”. He believed that a proper understanding of the natural world would promote human progress and eventually bring about the Christian millennium. Priestley, who strongly believed in the free and open exchange of ideas, advocated toleration and equal rights for religious Dissenters, which also led him to help found Unitarianism in England. The controversial nature of Priestley’s publications, combined with his outspoken support of the French Revolution, aroused public and governmental suspicion; he was eventually forced to flee in 1791, first to London and then to the United States, after a mob burned down his Birmingham home and church. He spent his last ten years in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.

A scholar and teacher throughout his life, Priestley also made significant contributions to pedagogy, including the publication of a seminal work on English grammar and books on history, and he prepared some of the most influential early timelines. These educational writings were among Priestley’s most popular works. It was his metaphysical works, however, that had the most lasting influence, being considered primary sources for utilitarianism by philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley

Joseph Priestley was last modified: January 21st, 2022 by Jovan Stosic

Earwax Build Ups Might Be The Cause Of Your Impaired Hearing… | gadgets4-you

Jovan Stosic January 21, 2022

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Earwax Build Ups Might Be The Cause Of Your Impaired Hearing… | gadgets4-you was last modified: January 21st, 2022 by Jovan Stosic

FTP “Ascii” Vs “Binary” Mode — What It Means, and Why You Want to Use One or the Other (taken from Support Newsletter 32 June 1998)

Jovan Stosic January 16, 2022

There are two different modes for transferring files with FTP: “ASCII” and “binary” mode. The reason for the two different modes is that there are two distinct means of representing the end of a line in a text, or ASCII, file. On UNIX machines, the end of a line is represented by the character. This character is a control-J. Some UNIX commands, like od(1), represent this character with a “\n”. For example, if you have a UNIX file named “foo”:

$ cat foo this is a test of the terminal that is shot from guns. $ od -c foo 00000000000 t h i s i s a t e s t o 00000000020 f \n t h e t e r m i n a l t 00000000040 h a t i s \n s h o t f r o m 00000000060 g u n s . \n 00000000067

On PCs (and on Mainframe computers) the end of a line is represented by a <carriage return> followed by a <newline> character. This is a control-M followed by a control-J.

In FTP, if you specify “ASCII” mode, if you are sending a file from a UNIX system to a PC, a control-M will be added before every control-J in the file. This will ensure that the ASCII/text file will be readable on the PC. Conversely, if you send a file in “ASCII” mode from a PC to a UNIX system, the combination control-M control-J will get changed into a control-J. File size will decrease by one byte per line when sending from a PC to a UNIX system; file size will increase by one byte per line when sending from a UNIX system to a PC. When sending between two PCs — or two UNIX systems — files send in “ASCII” mode will be unchanged.

Files sent in “binary” mode are sent from one system to another with no modification. The file size will always be unchanged on a binary transfer.

“ASCII” mode is appropriate when using FTP to send a single text file between two PCs. “binary” mode is appropriate when sending anything else: TAR files, compressed files, gzip’d files, CA-Alexandria binaries, etc. If a binary file is sent between a PC and a UNIX system in “ASCII” mode, the contents of the binary file will be modified such that it will no longer be readable; the file will have to be re-sent from the originating system in binary mode. Typically, this is the source of the problem when a customer sends us TAR or compressed files that are not readable on our machines.

 

Source: FTP “Ascii” Vs “Binary” Mode — What It Means, and Why You Want to Use One or the Other (taken from Support Newsletter 32 June 1998)

FTP “Ascii” Vs “Binary” Mode — What It Means, and Why You Want to Use One or the Other (taken from Support Newsletter 32 June 1998) was last modified: January 16th, 2022 by Jovan Stosic