Hans Albrecht Bethe (German: [ˈhans ˈalbʁɛçt ˈbeːtə]; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.^[1][2]

For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.^[3] During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons and developing the theory behind the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the “Fat Man” weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.

After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb, though he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign, respectively, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (SALT I).

His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties, making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career – which, in Bethe’s case, spanned nearly seventy years. Freeman Dyson, once one of his students, called him the “supreme problem-solver of the 20th century”.^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe

John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist. He was largely responsible for reviving interest in general relativity in the United States after World War II. Wheeler also worked with Niels Bohr in explaining the basic principles behind nuclear fission. Together with Gregory Breit, Wheeler developed the concept of the Breit–Wheeler process. He is best known for linking the term “black hole” to objects with gravitational collapse already predicted early in the 20th century, for coining the terms “quantum foam“, “neutron moderator“, “wormhole” and “it from bit“, and for hypothesizing the “one-electron universe“.

Wheeler earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University under the supervision of Karl Herzfeld, and studied under Breit and Bohr on a National Research Council fellowship. In 1939 he teamed up with Bohr to write a series of papers using the liquid drop model to explain the mechanism of fission. During World War II, he worked with the Manhattan Project‘s Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, where he helped design nuclear reactors, and then at the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington, where he helped DuPont build them. He returned to Princeton after the war ended, but returned to government service to help design and build the hydrogen bomb in the early 1950s.

For most of his career, Wheeler was a professor at Princeton University, which he joined in 1938, remaining until his retirement in 1976. At Princeton he supervised 46 PhDs, more than any other professor in the Princeton physics department.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler

Julian Seymour Schwinger (/ˈʃwɪŋər/; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a physics professor at several universities.

Julian Schwinger
Born	Julian Seymour Schwinger February 12, 1918 New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	July 16, 1994(aged 76) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Nationality	United States
Alma mater	City College of New York Columbia University
Known for	Quantum electrodynamics Spin–statistics theorem Sigma model MacMahon Master theorem List of things named after Julian Schwinger
Spouse(s)	Clarice Carrol (m. 1947)
Awards	Albert Einstein Award(1951) National Medal of Science (1964) Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of California, Berkeley Purdue University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University University of California, Los Angeles
Doctoral advisor	Isidor Isaac Rabi
Doctoral students	Roy Glauber Ben R. Mottelson Sheldon Lee Glashow Walter Kohn Bryce DeWitt Daniel Kleitman Sam Edwards Gordon Baym Lowell S. Brown Stanley Deser Lawrence Paul Horwitz Margaret G. Kivelson Tung-Mow Yan

Julian Schwinger, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics. Original caption: “His laboratory is his ballpoint pen.”

Schwinger is recognized as one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweakmodel, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin 3/2 field.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger

In physics, the fifth force is a proposed fundamental force, additional to the four known fundamental forces of nature. The conventionally accepted fundamental forces that form the basis of all known interactions are the gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories; the characteristics of this fifth force depend on the theory being advanced. Many postulate a force roughly the strength of gravity(i.e. it is much weaker than electromagnetism or the nuclear forces) with a range of anywhere from less than a millimeter to cosmological scales. Another proposal is a new weak force, mediated by W’ and Z’ bosons.

The search for a fifth force has increased in recent decades due to the discovery that most of the mass of the universe is accounted for by an unknown form of matter called dark matter. Most physicists believe that dark matter is some new undiscovered subatomic particle, but some believe that it could be related to an unknown fundamental force. It has also recently been discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, which has been attributed to a form of energy called dark energy, and some physicists speculate that a form of dark energy called quintessence could be the fifth force.^[1][2][3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force