• How do i check for BOM? If this is causing the issue how do i get rid of it? – Kaya Suleyman Mar 12 ’13 at 16:50
• Use an editor which is able to show you special chars. – Geoffroy Mar 12 ’13 at 16:51
• What editor are you using? – Alexander M. Turek Mar 12 ’13 at 16:52
• Microsoft Expression. I’m new to this stuff, how do i check for BOM, what does it look like and how do i get my code working again? – Kaya Suleyman Mar 12 ’13 at 16:54
  • Download Notepad++ and open the file there, delete all fancy characters before the <?PHP
  • Make sure there is no whitespace character like ” ” or tab or linebreak before the <?PHP.
    • In Notepad++ click Encoding and then UTF-8 without BOM to convert the file to UTF-8 without BOM, then save it.
  • Also add ob_start(); before session_start(); to be safe.

Source: PHP issue “Cannot send session cookie” – Stack Overflow

Source: Set up a LAMP server with Docker – Linux Hint

Source: Random Musings: Ubuntu 14.04 and the Canon LBP6020B laser printer

Step 3 — (Optional) Adjusting User Authentication and Privileges

In Ubuntu systems running MySQL 5.7 (and later versions), the root MySQL user is set to authenticate using the auth_socket plugin by default rather than with a password. This allows for some greater security and usability in many cases, but it can also complicate things when you need to allow an external program (e.g., phpMyAdmin) to access the user.

In order to use a password to connect to MySQL as root, you will need to switch its authentication method from auth_socket to mysql_native_password. To do this, open up the MySQL prompt from your terminal:

• sudo mysql

Next, check which authentication method each of your MySQL user accounts use with the following command:

• SELECT user,authentication_string,plugin,host FROM mysql.user;

+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| user             | authentication_string                     | plugin                | host      |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| root             |                                           | auth_socket           | localhost |
| mysql.session    | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.sys        | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| debian-sys-maint | *CC744277A401A7D25BE1CA89AFF17BF607F876FF | mysql_native_password | localhost |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

In this example, you can see that the root user does in fact authenticate using the auth_socket plugin. To configure the root account to authenticate with a password, run the following ALTER USER command. Be sure to change password to a strong password of your choosing, and note that this command will change the root password you set in Step 2:

• ALTER USER ‘root’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘password‘;

Then, run FLUSH PRIVILEGES which tells the server to reload the grant tables and put your new changes into effect:

• FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Check the authentication methods employed by each of your users again to confirm that root no longer authenticates using the auth_socket plugin:

• SELECT user,authentication_string,plugin,host FROM mysql.user;

+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| user             | authentication_string                     | plugin                | host      |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| root             | *3636DACC8616D997782ADD0839F92C1571D6D78F | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.session    | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| mysql.sys        | *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE | mysql_native_password | localhost |
| debian-sys-maint | *CC744277A401A7D25BE1CA89AFF17BF607F876FF | mysql_native_password | localhost |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

You can see in this example output that the root MySQL user now authenticates using a password. Once you confirm this on your own server, you can exit the MySQL shell:

• exit

Alternatively, some may find that it better suits their workflow to connect to MySQL with a dedicated user. To create such a user, open up the MySQL shell once again:

• sudo mysql

Note: If you have password authentication enabled for root, as described in the preceding paragraphs, you will need to use a different command to access the MySQL shell. The following will run your MySQL client with regular user privileges, and you will only gain administrator privileges within the database by authenticating:

• mysql -u root -p

From there, create a new user and give it a strong password:

• CREATE USER ‘sammy‘@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘password‘;

Then, grant your new user the appropriate privileges. For example, you could grant the user privileges to all tables within the database, as well as the power to add, change, and remove user privileges, with this command:

• GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘sammy‘@’localhost’ WITH GRANT OPTION;

Note that, at this point, you do not need to run the FLUSH PRIVILEGES command again. This command is only needed when you modify the grant tables using statements like INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Because you created a new user, instead of modifying an existing one, FLUSH PRIVILEGES is unnecessary here.

Following this, exit the MySQL shell:

• exit

Finally, let’s test the MySQL installation.

Source: How To Install MySQL on Ubuntu 18.04 | DigitalOcean

The closest thing to what you’re looking for is wordgrinder, a terminal-based word processor.

You can install it executing:

sudo apt install wordgrinder

Here is the official website of the project: https://cowlark.com/wordgrinder/

This is the Github repo: https://github.com/davidgiven/wordgrinder

And a quick Survival Guide: https://gist.github.com/davidgiven/1aba97e96a9b8f9b573b

If you check the Importing and Exporting sections you will find:

Importing

Imports basic content from ODT files. OpenDocument is complicated and hard to parse but WordGrinder will do its best to apply appropriate styles. Unsupported features are ignored.

Exporting

This produces an ODT file which can be read by LibreOffice and a variety of other major word processors. Character and paragraph styles are exported and are mapped to OpenDocument styles called P, H1, H2 etc.

Source: 16.04 – How to edit a .odt file from the terminal? – Ask Ubuntu

NFS

NFS is commonly used in one of these ways:

1. Dovecot is run in a single computer.
2. Dovecot is run in multiple computers, users are redirected more or less randomly to different computers.
3. Dovecot is run in multiple computers, each user is assigned a specific computer which is used whenever possible.

The only way to reliably implement the 2nd setup is with the director service.

Dovecot configuration

Single Dovecot server setup or Dovecot director cluster setup:

mmap_disable = yes
#dotlock_use_excl = no # only needed with NFSv2, NFSv3+ supports O_EXCL and it's faster
mail_fsync = always
mail_nfs_storage = no
mail_nfs_index = no

Multi-server setup that tries to flush NFS caches (increases NFS operations, and isn’t fully reliable), try not to use this:

mmap_disable = yes
#dotlock_use_excl = no # only needed with NFSv2, NFSv3+ supports O_EXCL and it's faster
mail_fsync = always
# These settings slow things down and don't fully work, use director proxy instead:
mail_nfs_storage = yes
mail_nfs_index = yes

Common issues

Clock synchronization

Run ntpd in the NFS server and all the NFS clients to make sure their clocks are synchronized. If the clocks are more than one second apart from each others and multiple computers access the same mailbox simultaneously, you may get errors.

NFS caching problems

NFS caching is a big problem when multiple computers are accessing the same mailbox simultaneously. The best fix for this is to prevent it from happening. Configure your setup so that a user always gets redirected to the same server (unless it’s down). This also means that mail deliveries must be done by the same server, or alternatively it shouldn’t update index files.

Dovecot flushes NFS caches when needed if you set mail_nfs_storage=yes, but unfortunately this doesn’t work 100%, so you can get random errors.

Disabling NFS attribute cache helps a lot in getting rid of caching related errors, but this makes the performance MUCH worse and increases the load on NFS server. This can usually be done by giving actimeo=0 or noac mount option.

Index files

If you keep the index files stored on NFS, you’ll need to set mmap_disable=yes. If you’re not running lockd you’ll have to set lock_method=dotlock, but this degrades performance. Note that some NFS installations have problems with lockd. If you’re beginning to get all kinds of locking related errors, try if the problems go away with dotlocking.

With mbox/Maildir formats (but not dbox!) it’s also possible to store index files on local disk instead of on NFS. If the user gets redirected to different servers, the local indexes are automatically created/updated. If the user is (nearly) always redirected to the same server this should be fine and you would likely get higher performance than indexes stored on NFS, but if the server changes it can be slow to recreate the index/cache files.

Source: NFS – Dovecot Wiki

https://snapcraft.io/blog/how-to-preserve-old-software-with-snaps

Now that you have installed the required components to enabled Nagios to send mail notifications, you will need to download two configurations files from your Nagios Server (using FileZilla and edit them using Notepad++ – if you need to understand how to do this, please review part 2 of my installing Nagios for Exchange series).

These files are:

1. commands.cfg
2. contacts.cfg

Which are located in:

/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects

Open the commands.cfg file in Notepad++ and modify the following two lines:

# 'notify-host-by-email' command definition
define command{
    command_name    notify-host-by-email
    command_line    /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\nHost: $HOSTNAME$\nState: $HOSTSTATE$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nInfo: $HOSTOUTPUT$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n" | /bin/mailx -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Host Alert: $HOSTNAME$ is $HOSTSTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$
    }

# 'notify-service-by-email' command definition
define command{
    command_name    notify-service-by-email
    command_line    /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\n\nService: $SERVICEDESC$\nHost: $HOSTALIAS$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nState: $SERVICESTATE$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n\nAdditional Info:\n\n$SERVICEOUTPUT$\n" | /bin/mailx -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Service Alert: $HOSTALIAS$/$SERVICEDESC$ is $SERVICESTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$
    }

To look like the following:

# 'notify-host-by-email' command definition
define command{
    command_name    notify-host-by-email
    command_line    /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\nHost: $HOSTNAME$\nState: $HOSTSTATE$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nInfo: $HOSTOUTPUT$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n" | /usr/bin/mailx -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Host Alert: $HOSTNAME$ is $HOSTSTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$
    }

# 'notify-service-by-email' command definition
define command{
    command_name    notify-service-by-email
    command_line    /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\n\nService: $SERVICEDESC$\nHost: $HOSTALIAS$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nState: $SERVICESTATE$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n\nAdditional Info:\n\n$SERVICEOUTPUT$\n" | /usr/bin/mailx -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Service Alert: $HOSTALIAS$/$SERVICEDESC$ is $SERVICESTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$
    }

In essence you are changing the /bin/mail part of each command to /usr/bin/mailx

When you are done, save the file and then using FileZilla upload it back to your Nagios Server.

Next open the contacts.cfg file and change the “email” property to that of the account where you would like the notifications to be sent – see below

define contact{
        contact_name                    nagiosadmin        ; Short name of user
        use                                generic-contact        ; Inherit default values from generic-contact template (defined above)
        alias                           Nagios Admin        ; Full name of user
        email                           administrator@prepad.com    ; <<***** CHANGE THIS TO YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS ******
        }

When you are done, save the file, and upload it back to your Nagios server.

To finish up the configuration, from a PuTTY session type in the following command:

sudo /etc/init.d/nagios restart

Source: Configuring e-Mail Notifications in Nagios Core… – telnetport25.com